The courts of equity in England have evolved some principles in Latin which later was translated into English. These were called Maxims of Equity. Maxims of Equity were developed during the centuries. Courts of Equity were in power to hear and determine disputes in which the Courts of Law could not grant requested relief. These courts were first presided by the King's chancellor who held "the King's Conscience" and heard the complaints for equitable relief. To decide a case, these courts considered a body of law or jurisprudence developed which was later phrased in the form of Maxims. During centuries these Maxims were evolved and its numbers grow. However, today the main body of Maxims consists of 12 main rules. This article tries to introduce and explain these Maxims to the readers in order to familiarize them with the main principles Equity has in mind when hearing and deciding a case.

Deontological theories are better understood in contrast to Consequentialist theories and are commonly used in moral philosophy to refer to non-Consequentialist moral conceptions. While Consequentialism specify right action based on good consequences، deontologism is claimed that although Goals and means of achieving to them are intrinsically associated with the practice، However، there are other important features that determine the actions are right or wrong. Consequentialism are divided two theories of act and rule Consequentialism both theories are agree that evaluate action based on results and outcomes but، What would be the main criterion for evaluating، are disagree. Based on act-Consequentialism، Review and assess the person's agent or his judgment، the criterion for determining right or wrong action but، Based on rule-Consequentialism، rules and general Maxims are determine what to do action is right. In this article، we will examine and evaluate a rule-Consequentialism.

Introduction: Academic faculty members need to emphasize Ethical principles in order to improve higher education, with the understanding of this importance, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing the Ethical model of academic faculty members in Iran's higher education. Material & Methods: This research is a type of qualitative study that uses foundational data theory. The participants, including experts and faculty members of the country's public universities, who were responsible for the promotion of academic members, were selected as key informants through a targeted sampling method of 45 people. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The reliability and validity of the data were obtained from the two methods of reviewing the participants and recoding by experts. Data were analyzed by open, central and selective coding. Results: The results showed that the moral model of faculty members in Iran's higher education is explained in 10 main categories and 27 subcategories. Major and core categories in the form of 6 dimensions of causal conditions including (individual factors, organizational factors), core (cultural-educational, educational ethics, research ethics, scientific-executive), background conditions (higher education policies, moral activism), intervening conditions (environmental factors), strategies (micro level-university, macro level-higher education) and consequences (individual and organizational) were elevated to a higher abstract level and finally the research paradigm model was presented. Conclusion: The regulations for the promotion of academic staff members in Iran require a detailed revision of the content with an Ethical and qualitative approach in order to make the indicators of the promotion regulations efficient and effective.

Introduction: Ethical leadership is leadership focused on appropriate behavior through respect for ethics and values, as well as the rights and dignity of others. Ethical leadership can add value to businesses by motivating employees and fulfilling company values. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between Ethical leadership and cooperative social responsibility and the moral climate of the organization. Material & Methods: The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this research included all employees of Management and Science University (MSU) in Malaysia. Among them, 200 people were selected as the research sample using a simple random sampling method. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data. The data was analyzed by structural equation modeling method. Results: The results of statistical analysis showed that Ethical leadership has a direct and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility and Ethical climate. Also, moral climate has a direct and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility. At the same time, Ethical leadership has an indirect and positive effect on cooperative social responsibility through the mediation of Ethical climate. Conclusion: Ethical leadership can affect their social responsibility by inspiring employees to motivate and align with the company's values. The results of this research showed that Ethical leadership leads to greater employee satisfaction and collaborative responsibility and leads to the formation of an Ethical atmosphere in the organization

Introduction: Arbitration has a contractual nature and is subject to the sovereignty of the will of the parties, but in some cases, the legislator imposed the referral of claims to arbitration on the will of the parties and caused the contractual nature of the arbitration clause to disappear or be limited. By doing this, he has placed the arbitration outside the will of the parties. This issue causes some moral conflicts in the discussion of compulsory arbitration. Therefore, this research has been done with the purpose of examining the position of compulsory arbitration in Iran's legal system and the Ethical challenges in it with a descriptive-analytical approach. Material and Methods: The research was a review method, in order to achieve the goal of the research, in addition to electronic education books and virtual education in this field, articles related to the research keywords from 2004 to 2022 from the databases of Civilica, Magiran, Sid, Researchgate, Science direct, was reviewed Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that compulsory arbitration in Iran has Ethical challenges in the field of implementation and interpretation, the most important of which is the issue of the right to action and judicial justice. In the context of ambiguities in mandatory arbitration, even if the method of arbitration becomes ambiguous, the arbitrator has the duty to find out the will of the legislator with the principles and rules of interpretation, which creates a moral conflict for the arbitrator.

In this article the proverbs and Maxims that are used in Arabic and Persian language in common are studied. Then we consider the proverb briefly. Also we point out the Quranic proverbs and philosophy that Sadi has used in his works. In this article the poetical proverbs that Motenabbi has used in his work and influenced on Sadi have been stated. Finally we conclude that, because these two poets were living in an Islamic environment and training in Islamic culture, they have used so many proverbs in common.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of Grice's Maxims in the essay writing for eight graders. The theoretical framework of this research is Grice’s Cooperative Principle and its Maxims including Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner. In this research, Grice's Maxims, their applications and the effects are studied on the student's essays. In addition, the frequency order of the Maxims is highlighted in the writings of students. This study is conducted through field method.The main question is how much Grice's Maxims are used in the writings and how they help creating a text. The researchers have analyzed 121 compositions of the eighth graders and extracted the effective factors on the observation of Quality, Quantity, Relation and Manner Maxims and then presented descriptive statistics. The research findings show that Grice's Maxims can be used to improve writing skills. Students can keep these Maxims in their minds as a framework and use them in their writings. Descriptive statistics of this study indicates that the students of this grade applied the Quantity maxim by 30%, the Quality maxim by 18%, the Relation maxim by 83% and the Manner maxim by 18%. Furthermore, we can see that the Maxims overlap each other. Applying and not applying one maxim affects other Maxims. The frequency order of these Maxims in the writings of students, from most to least, is as follows: Relation maxim, Quantity maxim, Quality maxim and Manner maxim.

This article aims at investigating the structure and plot of stories in Gulistan of Sa’adi. In addition, the manner in which Sa’adi has made use of structure and form to develop stories is scrutinized. In the first place, the concepts of structure and plot are explained and then the stories are analyzed from two standpoints. First, the plot which consists of introduction, conflict, predicament, climax and conclusion are examined and then the structure and form of stories are analyzed.

The importance of the knowledge of target culture, in order to communicate correctly and efficiently, has entered the field of English language education since 1970s. Many scholars consider this issue to be aligned with the ideological aspects of English and cultural imperialism. They believe that excessive focus on the culture of English speaking countries not only exposes learners to identity conflict, but also leads them to separate from their cultural heritage. The present study, thus, has investigated Maxims that guide English language teachers to teach cultural issues included in international textbooks. Data was collected through semi-structured interview with six English language teachers, in addition to distribution of an open-ended questionnaire among them. The data were analyzed through thematic analysis. Data analysis showed that "increasing learners' involvement", "conformity to the textbook methodology", and "paying attention to learners' needs" were Maxims that led teachers to address cultural issues included in the textbooks. The findings also showed that "teacher education", "institutions' requirements", and "lack of critical vision" played an effective role in establishing their Maxims. Based on the findings, the need for concentrating on critical pedagogy in teacher preparation and compiling national textbooks with the main focus on preserving and promoting national culture have been discussed.